Using the HDEM and GPR technologies, the fracture development was well detected. The distribution characteristics and dynamic evolution of surface fractures were obtained using UAV and MC (visible light camera + infrared camera). The deformation cloud map of the entire mining area was obtained through InSAR monitoring technology accompanying the 3D laser scanning to improve the accuracy in the local region of 12,401 longwall face. This system was successfully applied to the 12,401 longwall face in the Shangwan coal mine (the maximum mining height is 8.8 m). This monitoring system consists of three parts: a space monitoring component (a combination of a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR)), a sky observation component (an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with a measuring camera (MC)), and a surface exploration component (ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and high-density electricity method (HDEM)). In this paper, a space-sky-surface (3S) integrated system is proposed to conquer this challenge.
However, it is difficult for conventional monitoring methods to efficiently monitor overburden movement in high-intensity mining areas in real time. The key to coordinating ecological protection and coal mining is to understand the law of overlying strata migration in high-intensity mining. High-intensity coal mining activities in China’s western mining area are damaging fragile ecological environments.
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